Gynaecology

A gynaecological visit starts with an interview with a doctor who asks about past diseases, pregnancies and other information he needs. It also includes a palpable breast examination. The gynaecological examination takes place on a gynaecological chair and consists in the evaluation of vulva, vaginal mucosa and cervix. Vaginal discharge is collected for microscopic evaluation. – The so-called direct smear (it can detect a fungal or bacterial infection of the vagina). Then, the transvaginal palpation test, the so called combined, is evaluated the uterus and appendages (ovary and fallopian tube).

Then the couch is used for transvaginal ultrasound with a high resolution camera, also used for 3d/4D tests (GE Voluson E8 Expert).Then the couch is used for transvaginal ultrasound with a high resolution camera, also used for 3d/4D tests (GE Voluson E8 Expert).

On one visit, I carry out comprehensive prophylactic tests, which include:

• Gynaecological examination
• Transvaginal gynaecological ultrasound
• Palpation and breast ultrasound
• Cytology

After the examination, its results are discussed and prescriptions are written. During the examination, it is also possible to collect cytological examination material.

It is used for the prevention and diagnosis of pre-cancerous conditions as well as cervical cancer, which is one of the most common cancers in Poland. During the examination, the doctor or certified nurse takes a sample of exfoliated epithelium from the patient’s cervix with the help of a sight glass.

Cytological examination is not painful. It is recommended that the first time they are performed between twenty-five years of age or soon after the start of intercourse. This is a routine examination, which is usually performed once a year, during the gynaecological visit.

In our office, cytology can also be performed at the National Health Fund as part of the Cervical Cancer Prevention Programme. The programme is intended for women aged 25 – 59 (according to the yearbook) who have not performed a cytological examination within the last 3 years. The cytological material is evaluated in two centres at the DCO (Lower Silesian Oncology Centre) located at Hirszfeld Sq. or at the Histmed histopathological laboratory – Dr Kosiński. Each examination is verified by a histopathologist. If any disturbing changes are detected, the next examination which is recommended is a colposcopy.

Recommendations

• The optimal period for the collection of cytological material is between 10 and 20 days of the cycle
• Sexual intercourse must be refrained from at least 24 hours before the examination
• For a few days prior to the examination, vaginal medications or treatments on the vagina and cervix should not be used.
• Cytology may be performed at least one day after gynaecological or vaginal ultrasound examination
• Smears for cytological examination should be taken at least 2 – 3 days after the end of menstrual bleeding
• The examination in the sight glass should precede the examination through the vagina no – smears should be taken immediately after the gynaecological examination
• No cytological examination shall be performed during active infection of the genital tract with associated discharge.

Also called thin layer, it is a modern technique of preparing cytological preparations. It allows for a more accurate diagnosis of HPV virus and cervical cancer. Preparation and storage of the taken sample differs from traditional cytology. In the LBC the brush with the material is immediately immersed in a special liquid. In it the swab is delaminated so that cells (e.g. bacteria) that may obscure the image of the sample being evaluated can be removed. This shows a much higher accuracy compared to traditional cytology when detecting both precancerous conditions and cancer cells. An important advantage is also the possibility to store cellular material (which is embedded in a liquid medium) and perform additional tests on the same sample (e.g. HPV).

The purpose of this examination is to detect and identify pathogens present in samples of biological material taken from the vagina or cervical canal. The result of the test indicates the existence or absence of vaginal inflammation and its possible type.

The test allows to detect the DNA of 12 high-oncogenous genotypes of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV): 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59. These genotypes constitute almost all detected types of the virus which are responsible for cervical cancer. The Real Time – PCR method used in the study allows the detection of the virus genetic material with extremely high sensitivity and specificity. Detection of high-oncogenous HPV types in the patient gives the possibility to monitor possible changes and implement effective treatment.

Intended for patients in whom the cytological examination resulted in ASCUS, LSIL or in other cases difficult to interpret (no unambiguous diagnosis can be made).

It is a complementary diagnosis of cervical cancer. It detects cancer at an early stage of its development. It identifies cells with a disturbed cell cycle, which may be caused by injection of highly ocogenous HPV. This test is an immunological test, which is based on monoclonal antibodies directed in cytological preparations against p16 protein. The p16 protein plays an essential role in controlling the normal cell cycle. In mature cells their level is significantly lowered (they are barely detectable), while in cervical cells, where there are already unfavorable changes, p16 levels are recorded as significantly elevated.

An additional advantage of the currently available latest version of the test is the presence of the second Ki-67 biomarker, i.e. cell proliferation protein (cell proliferation). Its application allows to obtain maximum sensitivity of the test. The test material is a smear from the cervical canal.

An examination during which the doctor, using a specialist optical device, obtains a spatial image of the cervix, vulva and vagina. This allows the doctor to effectively assess the colour or structure of the epithelium for the diagnosis of diseases, in particular cervical cancer. Colposcopy is usually performed as a supplement to the cytological examination, in case of abnormal results.

During the examination, the cervix is washed with a special liquid to facilitate the observation of cell changes. If the image is abnormal, the doctor may also take a tissue sample for examination, which is then subjected to a histopathological examination. This examination allows you to make a diagnosis and determine the next steps of treatment.

It is recommended that a few days before the examination, vaginal irrigation and gynaecological examinations should be abandoned, as this may adversely affect the assessment of colposcopic image. Colposcopia is best reported after menstruation.

It is also advisable for the examination to be performed by a woman with the result of the last cytology, which was the indication for colposcopy.

It consists in monitoring ovulation by means of ultrasound, e.g. to diagnose the causes of infertility.

During one cycle three ultrasounds are performed to determine the size of the follicles in the ovaries and to try to determine the moment of ovulation itself.

The most common diseases of the urogenital system are chlamydiosis, mycoplasmosis, and gonorrhea. Ureaplasma infection and syphilis are also relatively common. The most important risk factors for urogenital infections are:

• large number and/or frequent changes of sexual partners
• use of oral contraceptives
• antibiotic therapy
• certain diseases, such as diabetes, cancer
• a condom reduces the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases but does not eliminate it completely!

most of the above mentioned diseases do not give any symptoms at first, but later on they are easily confused with other disease entities, e.g. with an allergy (this is the case with syphilis, which initially causes a papular rash). Untreated infections lead to serious complications such as pelviculitis, urethritis, premature birth, developmental defects in the unborn child (low birth weight, neurological disorders) and infertility.

A method otherwise known as “freezing”. Used to remove benign lesions that are located within the cervix. It is effective and almost painless – it does not require an anaesthetic. Diseased cells (erosions) are destroyed by low temperature (-192 degrees Celsius). Freezing with liquid nitrogen does not damage and thus does not cause functional disorders of the cervix. However, it is not possible to take the material for histopathological examination. Requirements for the procedure: correct cytological examination result, colposcopic examination result, first phase of the cycle. The procedure takes about 20-30 minutes.

It’s a minimally invasive procedure that involves taking a piece of uterine mucosa. It involves inserting a thin, sterile tube into the uterine cavity (through the cervical canal) and collecting pieces of uterine mucosa by creating a vacuum. The whole procedure takes about a few dozen seconds. The collected material will then be examined under a microscope.

Indications for this test are intermenstrual and postmenopausal spotting and bleeding, hormonal fluctuations, problems with getting pregnant.

Aspiration biopsy of the endometrium is a very effective diagnostic tool, and due to its safety and ease of technical performance, it allows to pre-diagnose or exclude disturbing proliferative changes in the endometrium, including endometrial cancer. According to the studies carried out so far to assess the effectiveness of this method, this test is as effective as curettage of the uterine cavity.

It’s a minimally invasive procedure that involves taking a piece of uterine mucosa. It involves inserting a thin, sterile tube into the uterine cavity (through the cervical canal) and collecting pieces of uterine mucosa by creating a vacuum. The whole procedure takes about a few dozen seconds. The collected material will then be examined under a microscope.

It is a safe and painless procedure involving placing a sample of semen in the uterus, which was previously properly prepared in the laboratory.

The intrauterine insemination procedure can be used by couples who:

• they don’t have a baby, despite correct test results and long efforts to get pregnant
• suffer from idiopathic infertility
• have at their disposal semen that is slightly abnormal (insufficiently mobile and not very numerous sperm);
• they experience ejaculation disorders (patient) or are found to have endometriosis (1st and 2nd degree) or are found to have sperm antibodies (patient).

The insemination procedure can be repeated many times – to the end – but usually no more than six tests are performed in consecutive monthly cycles. Depending on the age of the patient, the quality of semen and the number of mature follicles after hormonal stimulation, the effectiveness of intrauterine insemination is between 10 and 25% per cycle.